Prerequisites

Before getting started, I first installed Ubuntu within Hyper-V on my Windows 10 computer following the instructions below:
Using Enhanced Mode Ubuntu 18.04 for Hyper-V on Windows 10 - Scott Hanselman’s Blog

Link to FreeSurfer Installation Page

While the link below is extremely well-written and helpful, I noticed a few steps during my installation process using Ubuntu for Hyper-V that required additional steps, not listed on the page. This guide is meant to help others using the same system with the installation procedure – described in detail below.
DownloadAndInstall - Free Surfer Wiki

Installation Steps

1. Download FreeSurfer

Download FreeSurfer for Linux from the download page while logged into your Ubuntu VM.

File to download:
freesurfer-Linux-centos6_x86_64-stable-pub-v6.0.0.tar.gz

Link to download:
Download FreeSurfer
(Note: You may need to be logged into your Gmail account to download the file.)

2. Change Permissions

Ensure you have permissions to write into /usr/local/, where you will unpack the FreeSurfer package.

sudo chmod -R 777 /usr/local/

3. Unpack FreeSurfer Package

Unpack the package in the directory where you saved it. For example:

cd /home/shaas/Downloads
tar -C /usr/local -xzvf freesurfer-Linux-centos6_x86_64-stable-pub-v6.0.0.tar.gz

4. Install Additional Necessary Packages

sudo apt-get -y install bc binutils libgomp1 perl psmisc sudo tar tcsh unzip uuid-dev vim-common libjpeg62-dev

5. Setup & Configuration

To begin using FreeSurfer, open a terminal window, define an environment variable called FREESURFER_HOME (set to the location where FreeSurfer was installed), and source the setup script. This sourcing needs to be done every time you open a new terminal window, or you can add the lines below to your default setup file (e.g., .bashrc or .cshrc).

export FREESURFER_HOME=/usr/local/freesurfer
source $FREESURFER_HOME/SetUpFreeSurfer.sh

If done correctly, you should see output similar to:

Setting up environment for FreeSurfer/FS-FAST (and FSL)
FREESURFER_HOME /usr/local/freesurfer
FSFAST_HOME     /usr/local/freesurfer/fsfast
FSF_OUTPUT_FORMAT nii
SUBJECTS_DIR    /usr/local/freesurfer/subjects
MNI_DIR         /usr/local/freesurfer/mni

6. Get a License to Use FreeSurfer

A license key must be obtained to make the FreeSurfer tools operational. The license is free and comes in the form of a license.txt file. Once obtained, copy it to your FreeSurfer installation directory (the location defined by the FREESURFER_HOME environment variable).

Get license here:
FreeSurfer Registration Form

After downloading in Ubuntu, copy the file to your FreeSurfer folder:

cp /home/shaas/Downloads/license.txt /usr/local/freesurfer

7. Additional Items to Install

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get install libtool autoconf build-essential pkg-config automake tcsh